It is hard to believe that one of the most important antibiotics was actually discovered by accident. Born on August 6th 1881, Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist. On 1928 he was credited for the discovery of Penicillin, a natural antibiotic that comes from a type of fungus. At the time of the discovery, Fleming was working on an influenza research in London, UK. He went on vacation to his house in the country and came back to dirty petri dishes. When he was cleaning the dishes he saw that fungi had grown in petri dishes containing bacteria. The bacteria in those dishes had died, and this called Fleming´s attention. He studied the antibiotic effects of the mold and learned that it was not harmful to the human body. Twelve years later, after the discovery of Penicillin, during WWII, two Oxford students, the Australian Howard Florey and the German Boris Chain found a way to actually make Penicillin useful. Their work saved lots of potential deaths during the war. Still today, penicillin is the most important antibiotic. It cures infections such as: scarlet fever, gonorrhea, syphilis, pneumonia, meningitis, and other dangerous diseases. In 1945, "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" (Nobelprize.org), the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was granted jointly to Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey.
In WWII penicillin saved many lives.
Sir Alexander Fleming in his lab.
Citations:
"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 24 Nov 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/>
"Sir Alexander Fleming - Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 25 Nov 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-facts.html>
Kalvaitis, Katie. "Penicillin: An
Accidental Discovery Changed the Course of Medicine."Healio.
EndocrineToday, n.d. Web. 24 Nov.
2013.<http://www.healio.com/endocrinology/news/print/endocrine-today/{15afd2a1-2084-4ca6-a4e6-7185f5c4cfb0}/penicillin-an-accidental-discovery-changed-the-course-of-medicine>.
Pictures:
WWII Penicillin. N.d. Photograph. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics. Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <http://textbookofbacteriology.net/resantimicrobial.html>.
Alexander Fleming. N.d. Photograph. Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Alexander_Fleming.jpg>.
Nobel Prize physiology 2017 about circadian rhythms, but... 3D Bioprinting-Immortality (biological timers)... Forever young with modified Biological Timers... Which are the biological timers?, where are them? (genes, hypothalamus...), how functioning them? (ordering stop growth at finish of adolescence...ordering start to grow-old at beginning of adulthood), how can modify them (telomerase...) for maintenance the hormones production, enzymes, cellular regeneration...all Eternity at same level of the 18 years old?... Have to accelerate Research about Memory and the Space´s Colonization... Immortality comes...
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ReplyDelete...interstellar travel constant acceleration (immortals new body)... 3D Bioprinting...the technology used to print documents is also being utilized to create living tissue, in a not too distant future to "print", overlapping layer upon layer, whole organs such as a heart, a liver, a kidney, and one day a whole body. In the beginning the basic technique was exactly the same as using a normal inkjet printer, when printing a document (or image) inks of different colors are distributed on the paper in a specific pattern. It all started in this way: at Clemson University (years ago) have replaced printer inks for some "ink cells" alive. The ink cartridges were refilled with some cell solutions and software was rescheduled. The "paper" is a biodegradable gel, designed at the University of Washington, which solidifies to reach 32 ºC of temperature. Still need it much? for to be a reality with great performances. The main problem is that it is still unable to create an organ which circulates the blood, but it can print a tissue with thickness of a kidney in just 2 hours. The next step is to print the tiniest (capillaries) parts of an organ, just those that make it work (plasma with O2 and nutrients towards...↔▓↔...and CO2 which go into from...). If this is achieved would be very near the Eternity for human being.
ReplyDelete...interstellar travel not acceleration constant (graphene: planet errant)... every bit a Terraformed planet errant into a bubble graphene how diamond transparent...with fusion reactors which will give the light and heat how an artificial sun, encircling an antigravitational field Tesla/Brown "electrogravitics" prevents objects collision against the "blue-arch of heaven"... Who needs already a star...
ReplyDeleteInterstellar travel /without religion/,,, religious-miserable intentionally maintain years and years forever? that "Third World" because WITHOUT POOR AND IGNORANT THERE IS NOT RELIGION,,, the religious are the firsts that not belief in "God", thus the Inquisition (miserable-religious did make burn alive in the "bon-fire" to Human Beings in the Middle Age,,,"bon" from French bon: "good",,,), thus miserable-religious-criminals Vatica abuse of the poor Innocents, thus miserable-religious mislead to the foolish, thus miserable-religious bribe to the folks. At present, miserable-religious-terrorist-religious from other credos are burning the forest in the entire World obviously using tech-artefacts (drones, balloons,,, for that reason, news, are robbing drones to the shops: governments must put in the forest towers of radar and nocturnal infrared for early detection of those drones used by terrorist-religious, although is more cheap and easy to say the truth and to declare that the RELIGIOUS ARE ENEMIES OF THE HUMANKIND), and the miserable-religious occult-power Rome-saint (terror against reason how they did to Galileo Galilei,,,recent threat: "the III World War has already begun") protects to other credos and silences to Politicians and the Global Media (they never say that are the incendiary-religious) for that the innocent people that still says "oh my God" do not know it a fact already evident: IS TRUTH THAT RELIGION IS LIE
ReplyDelete...electric cars (charge in street-lamps)... every street-lamp of the World with e.g. 4 standard electric-plugs 220 v.ac. Each electric car exits from factory obligatorily with 2 electric-plugs for 220 v.ac, one of entrance and other of exit. ENTRANCE PLUG: the own car´s converter adapts the network-current to the adequate voltage of the car. EXIT PLUG: free available for whichever car that arrives and cans connect to the car before. So nobody has that wait for, all cars that arrive to street-lamp they can connect in line one another. when a car finishes its charge, disconnect all and runaway, the others go advancing towards the street-lamp and connect again one another. So nobody has that wait for. How the GRAPHENE BATTERIES Have Not Memory Effect, they can disconnect/connect without problem. If government has that give money for that electric-charge to each one, can do it applying a money-charge by kms/year declared. Electric car´s charge solved the problem. Have to put already the plugs in all street-lamps around the World...and the factories must to put those 2 electric-plugs to all cars, finished the electric-charge´s actual problem, for electric cars.
ReplyDeleteTO THE NEXT WAR OF THE GULF THAT GO THE GULFS OF THE WARS
ReplyDeleteOBVIOUSLY USING TECH-ARTEFACTS DRONES, BALLOONS, RELIGIOUS-MISERABLES-RELIGIOUS ARE BURNING THE FORESTS IN THE ENTIRE WORLD
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Delete...interstellar travel constant acceleration (without suffering)... in the Brazil of the "Ordem e Progresso" the "children of the street" abandoned such as if they were dogs...in countries of Orient as Lebanon, children almost babies thrown away on the ground together with an adult begging alms, already from their more tender infancy they get accustomed to look the World from down and suffering...children dying of cold into refugee camps in countries with endless religion´s wars...and meanwhile shameless multireligious-pontifices in their golden palaces eating partridges, and well sheltered with the best wool in the best blankets made in England, the best boots...and not fall down their faces of shame when they look themselves in the mirror... How can have $50,000 million in the Bank, living on a golden skyscraper and to be dedicated to want build a barrier-wall, instead of to be dedicated to save to all that they can?... Off with religion, off with monarchies and off with politicians shameless.
ReplyDelete(2)...interstellar travel constant acceleration (without suffering)... in that Brazil of the miserable ones, they say that for "to clean" the streets for the World Football Championship,,,the polic,,,assassi,,,childr,,, (someone of those majors children is capable of to kill for robbing the shoes, but the vermin are who governs and convert them in that). And FIFA "get to knew nothing", they would must have done suspend the damned World Championship and to observe 1 minute of silence for those innocents "swept away" from the streets and from the life. Can watch in photographs to two little girls begging alms, the tender creatures are joined for mutual helping to carry their solitude and abandonment... When the night goes down, to where they go?...they have searched instinctively, such as all living beings, a place for take refuge...the place of the darkness, the place of the distance, the place of the fear, the place of the rats present over there too...one day another day, one night another night... Where is that "God"?, in the homovices ceilings of the Vatic ano. Where the hope?, where the tenderness?, where the education?...at none part. Others ones, carry glue to them for inhaling and forgetting and for dying.
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ReplyDelete...3d bioprinting-Immortality (telomeres biological timers: reverse aging)... old age short telomere, Youth Long Telomere...ON... Immortality, here we go...goooooo!... modifying Biological Timers for every birthday to reach 1 less year old on biological age...until arrive to the 18, then come back to reach 1 more until arrive to the 50, then backward again...and so for all Eternity... until arrives an accident: your recorded MEMORY to the new young perfect identical Bioprinted Body and...Immortality...already the accidents do not matter... She discovered that eroded TELOMERES (final part) already do not protect extremes of Chromosomes, followed the correct track of the path initiated by H.J. Muller which will carry to the number 1 aspiration, IMMORTALITY: Dr. Barbara McClintock...Honor and Glory Eternals... Already must have in the Universe one star called Barbara McClintock.
ReplyDelete...interstellar travel constant aceleration (Katherine Johnson "the girl" math genius)... space program must to say clearly: Katherine Johnson...Honor and Glory Eternals... Already must have in the Universe one star called Katherine Johnson.
ReplyDelete...interstellar travel constant acceleration (solar-street lamp tonyon)... 5 screws stainless steel hex. head: 3 of 5x40, 1 of 4x40, 1 of 4x50; the nuts with brake. The tubes cylindrical galv. iron: ø30=3 mt, ø20=2.59 mt; tube PVC ø25=2.5 mt ___ Baliza Solar "Acrux Duo": www.arteconfort.com... a) Tube PVC ø25 inside of the Tube ø30 both at level on one extreme (high), (easy drills with drill ~ø3 and after re-pass with the ømajor drill; in se same "Iron Store" of the tubes, to buy "spray of galvanized" for sprinkle cuts, drills and welded pieces to tubes for no oxidize) 1 passing drill ø5 mm to 52 cm from the other extreme (base, near another equal drill drains-rain), put 1 Screw of 5x40 (permanent) that trespasses both tubes, fastens tube PVC and serves as down-stop to the telescopic tube ø20 when *it be go downed Always by the inside of the tube ø30/ø25*, for to change "in 7 years" the Light: (((if the screws b and c to go putting them again do not enter now is that are moved something the interior tube PVC, pass to those drills a little more their drill and ready; make the new drill "e" to the new plastic tube: on the old plastic tube measure the mm from its extreme till the center of its drill; on the new plastic tube "make 1 drill to those same mm to 1 only side of the plastic tube", and to go to put the Light finish of drill the another side following how guide drills interior tube ø20)))... b) 1 passing drill ø5 to 47.5 cm from "high-extreme", put 1 Screw of 5x40 (mobile) that trespasses the 2 tubes and serves as high-stop to the telesc. Tube ø20 when it is up normal... c) "with the Tube ø20 already inserted till the high-stop screw": 1 passing drill ø5 to the 3 Tubes to 2 cm from the same "high-extreme", put 1 Screw of 5x40 (mobile) that trespasses the 3 Tubes and serves as Fastening to the telesc. Tube ø20; for go down telesc. tube remove Only the 2 Screws b and c... Place Light on the telesc. Tube ø20: d) put the little plastic tube that brings on Light, 1 carefully passing drill ø4 at "insertion of the plastic tube/Light", put Screw of 4x50... e) tube plastic-Light enters by outside of the telesc. Tube ø20... 1 passing drill ø4 on ~half of the plastic tube trespasses both tubes, put 1 Screw of 4x40 that fastening Light to the telesc. Tube ø20... Orientate Solar Panel and Lights. Choose Mode: comes disconnected; presence 1st pulsation 600 lm 1 min (before of place Street-Lamp leave in this Mode on Sun 1 day charges battery); *PERMANENT* 2nd pulsation 500 lm of light all the night... Place Street-Lamp in its place already assembled and orientated: (FS) Street-Lamp Alone, submerge base Tube ø30 into concrete to 40 cm underground... (FV) Street-Lamp next to Fence or wall over soft ground, make hole ~15 cm, insert base and lay concrete; (FC) Street-Lamp next to Fence or wall over Cement ground, sheet (scrap-iron) ~0.4x15x15 cm with 2 drills ø6, weld to base Tube ø30 for knock in 2 plugs in the ground and put them their screws... in (FV/FC) is absolutely-Necessary-"besides"-Fasten-Street Lamp to any tube of the Fence or to the wall, on the Tube ø30 ~in its half and also ~near of its high-extreme. (~$50).
ReplyDelete...interstellar travel constant acceleration (Katherine Johnson, "the girl" math genius who went across the History Doors for enter in the Legend)... her teachers to the parents when still she was a prodigy child: "in all my years of teaching never I saw a head like of your daughter, have to do it, have to see where until she arrives...", "tell me where you want that it fall on the ocean and I will tell you from where you have that launching it", she said to the NASA scientists when the first astronauts, to who were go the life in it, did say "that the girl make the calculations"... "The little airplane that fell from sky", nobody knew why then, she discovered and demonstrated mathematically that was been the vortexes of tip-wings from a big airplane that was preceded to it flying some higher, that turbulence from other tip-wings made that little plane would crash. And till today that Aeronautics knows it that Katherine discovered (the newspaper gave the news let alone her name how author). But as she was woman and black, they merit adjudicated to her department in chief and she went let as an assistant. And so many discoveries and orbit calculations that she made for do go and return with security to the Apollo program of the Moon, carried to them literately of her hand. To Katherine Johnson they requested the Moon and she do not stepped back, with little more than a pencil, a slide rule and an incipient data processing, that she had that verify, traced with precision the trajectories that would permit the landing... "NASA never will forget her enthusiasm indomitable spirit and leadership, and the achievements that we do not could have reached without her"... "the algorithm of octagonalization, I prefer it instead of the Euclidean coordinates", wonderful Analytic Geometry, branch of the geometry that represents geometric figures, flats or tridimensional, through equations and situates them in the coordinates axes x,y,(z)... the point go/no go when still had not formula for that, because would be her who would invent it (was not the same fall on anywhere place of the steppe when Yuri asked to that amazed old woman for a phone to call and would come recover to him, that have a ship just aside)... "Katherine you make the calculation"...the Katherine´s answer: "the Euler´s method... the point go/no go of the re-entry, that is to pass from the elliptical orbit to this exact parabolic trajectory, with this latitude and longitude of capsule fallen on the ocean error margin 30 mts²"... "That I liked it", said Glenn, "if she says that are good I take off"... (When someday a functionary went to ask chief for those works, this said "you look speak with Katherine because she is in reality who make almost all"). Do not find strange in a country where its religious presidents say that of "God bless to the United States of America" (and to the rest of the World that crack to it a ray), a country in that the house of the president is called the "white" house. Although belated, finally from 2015 recognition of NASA and nation: Medal Presidential Freedom, and in Langley "Centre Katherine G. Johnson", and Gold Medal of Congress. (Her scientific publications: Wikipedia Katherine Johnson (12)... Legendary Mathematician Katherine Johnson: Honor and Glory Eternals... Already must have in the Universe one star called Katherine Johnson.
ReplyDeleteKatherine and the analytic geometry: "for that trihedron, the algorithm of orthogonalisation, I prefer it instead of the Euclidean coordinates"...
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